gridwise_moe_gemm.hpp Source File

gridwise_moe_gemm.hpp Source File#

Composable Kernel: gridwise_moe_gemm.hpp Source File
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// Copyright (c) 2018-2025, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
 
#pragma once
 
#include "ck/utility/common_header.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_description/multi_index_transform_helper.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_description/tensor_descriptor.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_description/tensor_descriptor_helper.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_operation/gpu/grid/block_to_ctile_map.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_operation/gpu/block/blockwise_gemm_pipeline_xdlops_b_preshuffle_selector.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_operation/gpu/block/thread_group_tensor_slice_transfer_v4r1_gather.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_operation/gpu/block/thread_group_tensor_slice_transfer_v6r1.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_operation/gpu/thread/threadwise_tensor_slice_transfer.hpp"
#include "ck/tensor_operation/gpu/element/unary_element_wise_operation.hpp"
 
#include "ck/tensor_operation/gpu/block/thread_group_tensor_slice_transfer_v7r3_scatter.hpp"
 
#define DEBUG_LOG 0
 
namespace ck {
 
// Currently we do not have a elegant way to put single lds buffer & double lds buffer pipe in same
// kernel function Blockers:
// 1. Two separted declaration of __shared__ pointer is the key to make sure data access operate on
// two lds chunks.
// 2. Occupied __shared__ won't release until whole shader end, a.k.a AB and C may not use same lds
// buffer when we declare __shared__ inside blkgemmpipe
 
enum Activation
{
    gelu_and_mul = 0,
    silu_and_mul = 1
};
 
template <typename GridwiseGemm,
          bool HasMainKBlockLoop,
          InMemoryDataOperationEnum CGlobalMemoryDataOperation,
          index_t MinimumOccupancy = 1,
          TailNumber TailNum       = TailNumber::Even>
__global__ void
#if CK_USE_LAUNCH_BOUNDS
__launch_bounds__(CK_MAX_THREAD_PER_BLOCK, MinimumOccupancy)
#endif
    // __attribute__((amdgpu_waves_per_eu(1, 1)))
    kernel_moe_gemm(typename GridwiseGemm::Argument karg)
{
#if defined(__gfx9__) || defined(__gfx11__) || defined(__gfx12__)
    if constexpr(GridwiseGemm::template IsValidCompilationParameter<CGlobalMemoryDataOperation>())
    {
        __shared__ char p_shared[GridwiseGemm::GetSharedMemoryNumberOfByte()];
 
        auto splitk_batch_offset = typename GridwiseGemm::SplitKBatchOffset(karg, blockIdx.z);
 
        GridwiseGemm::template Run<HasMainKBlockLoop, CGlobalMemoryDataOperation, TailNum>(
            karg.p_sorted_token_ids,
            karg.p_sorted_expert_ids,
            karg.p_max_token_id,
            karg.p_a_grid + splitk_batch_offset.a_k_split_offset,
            karg.p_b_grid + splitk_batch_offset.b_k_split_offset,
            karg.p_ds_grid,
            karg.p_c_grid,
            p_shared,
            karg,
            karg.a_element_op,
            karg.b_element_op,
            karg.c_element_op);
    }
#else
    ignore = karg;
#endif // end of if (defined(__gfx9__))
}
 
template <typename GridwiseGemm,
          bool HasMainKBlockLoop,
          InMemoryDataOperationEnum CGlobalMemoryDataOperation,
          index_t MinimumOccupancy = 1,
          TailNumber TailNum       = TailNumber::Even>
__global__ void
#if CK_USE_LAUNCH_BOUNDS
__launch_bounds__(CK_MAX_THREAD_PER_BLOCK, MinimumOccupancy)
#endif
    // __attribute__((amdgpu_waves_per_eu(1, 1)))
    kernel_moe_gemm_2lds(typename GridwiseGemm::Argument karg)
{
#if defined(__gfx9__) || defined(__gfx11__) || defined(__gfx12__)
    if constexpr(GridwiseGemm::template IsValidCompilationParameter<CGlobalMemoryDataOperation>())
    {
        __shared__ char p_shared[GridwiseGemm::GetSharedMemoryNumberOfByte()];
        __shared__ char p_shared1[GridwiseGemm::GetSharedMemoryNumberOfByte()];
 
        auto splitk_batch_offset = typename GridwiseGemm::SplitKBatchOffset(karg, blockIdx.z);
 
        GridwiseGemm::template Run_2Lds<HasMainKBlockLoop, CGlobalMemoryDataOperation, TailNum>(
            karg.p_sorted_token_ids,
            karg.p_sorted_expert_ids,
            karg.p_max_token_id,
            karg.p_a_grid + splitk_batch_offset.a_k_split_offset,
            karg.p_b_grid + splitk_batch_offset.b_k_split_offset,
            karg.p_ds_grid,
            karg.p_c_grid,
            p_shared,
            p_shared1,
            karg,
            karg.a_element_op,
            karg.b_element_op,
            karg.c_element_op);
    }
#else
    ignore = karg;
#endif // end of if (defined(__gfx9__))
}
 
template <typename ALayout,
          typename BLayout,
          typename DsLayout,
          typename CLayout,
          typename ADataType,
          typename BDataType,
          typename AccDataType,
          typename CShuffleDataType,
          typename DsDataType,
          typename CDataType,
          typename AElementwiseOperation,
          typename BElementwiseOperation,
          typename CElementwiseOperation,
          tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization GemmSpec,
          index_t BlockSize,
          index_t MPerBlock,
          index_t NPerBlock,
          index_t KPerBlock,
          index_t AK1Value,
          index_t BK1Value,
          index_t MPerXdl,
          index_t NPerXdl,
          index_t MXdlPerWave,
          index_t NXdlPerWave,
          typename ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1,
          typename ABlockTransferThreadClusterArrangeOrder,
          typename ABlockTransferSrcAccessOrder,
          index_t ABlockTransferSrcVectorDim,
          index_t ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
          index_t ABlockTransferDstScalarPerVector_AK1,
          bool AThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRun,
          index_t ABlockLdsExtraM,
          typename BBlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_BK0_N_BK1,
          typename BBlockTransferThreadClusterArrangeOrder,
          typename BBlockTransferSrcAccessOrder,
          index_t BBlockTransferSrcVectorDim,
          index_t BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
          index_t BBlockTransferDstScalarPerVector_BK1,
          bool BThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRun,
          index_t BBlockLdsExtraN,
          index_t CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
          index_t CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
          typename CShuffleBlockTransferClusterLengths_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock,
          typename CDEShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVectors,
          BlockGemmPipelineScheduler BlkGemmPipeSched = BlockGemmPipelineScheduler::Intrawave,
          BlockGemmPipelineVersion BlkGemmPipelineVer = BlockGemmPipelineVersion::v1,
          index_t ActivationOperation                 = 0,
          bool NSwizzle                               = false,
          bool IsInputGemm                            = true,
          bool MulRoutedWeight                        = true,
          bool PerTokenQuant                          = false,
          typename IndexType                          = index_t,
          typename ComputeTypeA                       = CDataType,
          typename ComputeTypeB                       = ComputeTypeA,
          typename LDSTypeA                           = ADataType,
          typename LDSTypeB                           = BDataType>
struct GridwiseMoeGemm
{
    static constexpr auto I0 = Number<0>{};
    static constexpr auto I1 = Number<1>{};
    static constexpr auto I2 = Number<2>{};
    static constexpr auto I3 = Number<3>{};
    static constexpr auto I4 = Number<4>{};
    static constexpr auto I5 = Number<5>{};
    static constexpr auto I6 = Number<6>{};
    static constexpr auto I7 = Number<7>{};
 
    static constexpr auto CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock =
        CDEShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVectors{}[I0];
    // K1 should be Number<...>
    static constexpr auto AK0Number       = Number<KPerBlock / AK1Value>{};
    static constexpr auto BK0Number       = Number<KPerBlock / BK1Value>{};
    static constexpr auto AK1Number       = Number<AK1Value>{};
    static constexpr auto BK1Number       = Number<BK1Value>{};
    static constexpr auto BlockSizeNumber = Number<BlockSize>{};
 
    static constexpr index_t NumDTensor = DsDataType::Size();
 
    using mfma_selector = MfmaSelector<ComputeTypeA, MPerXdl, NPerXdl, ComputeTypeB>;
    static constexpr index_t KPack =
        math::max(math::lcm(AK1Number, BK1Number), mfma_selector::selected_mfma.k_per_blk);
    static constexpr index_t KLane =
        mfma_selector::GetKPerXdlops() / mfma_selector::GetK1PerXdlops();
 
    static constexpr index_t KGroup = []() {
        if constexpr(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<BDataType>, f8_t>)
            // On gfx950, we have a mfma that required 32 f8 elements as input,
            // splited into 2 groups of 16 f8 elements.
            // the 2 groups is not contiguous in the B preshuffed layout.
            // and we do not want it to be contiguous in the B preshuffled layout
            // because a memory instruction can only read 16 f8 elements at a time.
            return mfma_selector::selected_mfma.k_per_blk == 32 ? 2 : 1;
        else
            return 1;
    }();
 
    static constexpr index_t KRepeat = KPerBlock / KLane / (KPack / KGroup);
 
    static constexpr index_t NLane = NPerXdl;
    static constexpr index_t NWave = NPerBlock / NPerXdl / NXdlPerWave;
    // static constexpr index_t NumTokens = 1;
    static constexpr index_t SortedTileSize = MPerBlock;
 
    static constexpr auto MakeDsGridPointer()
    {
        return generate_tuple(
            [&](auto i) {
                using DDataType = remove_cvref_t<tuple_element_t<i.value, DsDataType>>;
 
                return static_cast<const DDataType*>(nullptr);
            },
            Number<NumDTensor>{});
    }
 
    using DsGridPointer = decltype(MakeDsGridPointer());
 
    using ThisThreadBlock = ThisThreadBlock<BlockSize>;
 
    static constexpr index_t APackedSize = []() {
        if constexpr(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<ADataType>, pk_i4_t>)
            return 2;
        else
            return 1;
    }();
 
    static constexpr index_t BPackedSize = []() {
        if constexpr(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<BDataType>, pk_i4_t>)
            return 2;
        else
            return 1;
    }();
 
    __host__ static auto CalculateGridSize(index_t M, index_t N)
    {
        const index_t nblock = math::integer_divide_ceil(N, NPerBlock);
        const index_t mblock = math::integer_divide_ceil(M, MPerBlock);
        const index_t gridx  = NSwizzle ? nblock * mblock : nblock;
        const index_t gridy  = NSwizzle ? 1 : mblock;
 
        return std::make_tuple(gridx, gridy, 1);
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateMPadded(index_t M)
    {
        return math::integer_least_multiple(M, MPerBlock);
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateNPadded(index_t N)
    {
        return math::integer_least_multiple(N, NPerBlock);
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateBN0Shuffled(index_t N)
    {
        return math::integer_divide_ceil(N, NLane);
    }
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateBK0Shuffled(index_t K)
    {
        return math::integer_divide_ceil(K, KLane * KPack / KGroup);
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateKPadded(index_t K)
    {
        return math::integer_divide_ceil(K, KPerBlock) * KPerBlock;
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateAK0Padded(index_t K, index_t K_Batch = 1)
    {
        auto K_t = K_Batch * KPerBlock;
        return (K + K_t - 1) / K_t * (KPerBlock / AK1Value);
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateBK0Padded(index_t K, index_t K_Batch = 1)
    {
        auto K_t = K_Batch * KPerBlock;
        return (K + K_t - 1) / K_t * (KPerBlock / BK1Value);
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateKPadded(index_t K, index_t K_Batch = 1)
    {
        auto K_t = K_Batch * KPerBlock;
        return (K + K_t - 1) / K_t * KPerBlock;
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateKRead(index_t K, index_t K_Batch = 1)
    {
        constexpr auto KReadVec = math::lcm(AK1Number, BK1Number);
        auto K_t                = K_Batch * KReadVec;
        return (K + K_t - 1) / K_t * KReadVec;
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateMBlock(index_t M)
    {
        return math::integer_divide_ceil(M, MPerBlock);
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto CalculateNBlock(index_t N)
    {
        return math::integer_divide_ceil(N, NPerBlock);
    }
 
    template <index_t MNXdlPerWave, index_t MNWaves, index_t MNPerXdl, typename TileDesc_K0_MN_K1>
    __host__ __device__ static constexpr auto MakeGemmMmaTileDescriptor(const TileDesc_K0_MN_K1&)
    {
        constexpr index_t K0 = TileDesc_K0_MN_K1{}.GetLength(Number<0>{});
        constexpr index_t K1 = TileDesc_K0_MN_K1{}.GetLength(Number<2>{});
 
        return transform_tensor_descriptor(
            TileDesc_K0_MN_K1{},
            make_tuple(make_merge_transform_v3_division_mod(make_tuple(Number<K0>{}, Number<K1>{})),
                       make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(
                           Number<MNXdlPerWave>{}, Number<MNWaves>{}, Number<MNPerXdl>{}))),
            make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}),
            make_tuple(Sequence<3>{}, Sequence<0, 1, 2>{}));
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto MakeAGridDescriptor_AK0_M_AK1(
        IndexType M, IndexType MPad, IndexType K, IndexType KPad, IndexType StrideA, IndexType AK0)
    {
        const auto a_grid_desc_mraw_kraw = [&]() {
            if constexpr(is_same_v<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, ALayout>)
            {
                return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(M, K), make_tuple(StrideA, I1));
            }
            else if constexpr(is_same_v<tensor_layout::gemm::ColumnMajor, ALayout>)
            {
                return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(M, K), make_tuple(I1, StrideA));
            }
        }();
 
        using GemmSpecialization = tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization;
 
        if constexpr(GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::MKPadding ||
                     GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::MNKPadding)
        {
            // pad both M and K
            const auto a_grid_desc_m_k =
                transform_tensor_descriptor(a_grid_desc_mraw_kraw,
                                            make_tuple(make_right_pad_transform(M, MPad - M),
                                                       make_right_pad_transform(K, KPad - K)),
                                            make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}),
                                            make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            const auto a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_grid_desc_m_k,
                make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(AK0, AK1Value)),
                           make_pass_through_transform(MPad)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<0>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            return a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1;
        }
        else if constexpr(GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::MPadding ||
                          GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::MNPadding)
        {
            // pad M, but not K
            const auto a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_grid_desc_mraw_kraw,
                make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(AK0, AK1Value)),
                           make_right_pad_transform(M, MPad - M)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<0>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            return a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1;
        }
        else if constexpr(GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::KPadding ||
                          GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::NKPadding)
        {
            // pad K, but not M
            const auto a_grid_desc_m_k = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_grid_desc_mraw_kraw,
                make_tuple(make_pass_through_transform(M), make_right_pad_transform(K, KPad - K)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            const auto a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_grid_desc_m_k,
                make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(AK0, AK1Value)),
                           make_pass_through_transform(M)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<0>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            return a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1;
        }
        else
        {
            // not pad M or K
            const auto a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_grid_desc_mraw_kraw,
                make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(AK0, AK1Value)),
                           make_pass_through_transform(M)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<0>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            return a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1;
        }
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto MakeBGridDescriptor_Preshuffled(index_t N0, index_t K0)
    {
        constexpr index_t MWave           = MPerBlock / (MXdlPerWave * MPerXdl);
        constexpr index_t WaveSize        = BlockSize / (MWave * NWave);
        constexpr index_t NkSwizzleNumber = Number<WaveSize * KPack / KGroup>{};
        return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(
            make_tuple(N0 / NWave, NWave, K0, NkSwizzleNumber),
            make_tuple(NWave * K0 * NkSwizzleNumber, K0 * NkSwizzleNumber, NkSwizzleNumber, I1));
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto MakeBGridDescriptor_BK0_N_BK1(
        index_t K, index_t KPad, index_t N, index_t NPad, index_t StrideB, index_t BK0)
    {
        const auto b_grid_desc_nraw_kraw = [&]() {
            if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, BLayout>::value)
            {
                return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(N, K), make_tuple(I1, StrideB));
            }
            else if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::ColumnMajor, BLayout>::value)
            {
                return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(N, K), make_tuple(StrideB, I1));
            }
        }();
 
        using GemmSpecialization = tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization;
 
        static_assert(!(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<ADataType>, pk_i4_t> &&
                        GemmSpec != GemmSpecialization::Default),
                      "pk_i4_t does not support padding");
 
        if constexpr(GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::NKPadding ||
                     GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::MNKPadding)
        {
            // pad both N and K
            const auto b_grid_desc_n_k =
                transform_tensor_descriptor(b_grid_desc_nraw_kraw,
                                            make_tuple(make_right_pad_transform(N, NPad - N),
                                                       make_right_pad_transform(K, KPad - K)),
                                            make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}),
                                            make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            const auto b_grid_desc_bk0_n_bk1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                b_grid_desc_n_k,
                make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(BK0, BK1Value)),
                           make_pass_through_transform(NPad)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<0>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            return b_grid_desc_bk0_n_bk1;
        }
        else if constexpr(GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::NPadding ||
                          GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::MNPadding)
        {
            // pad N, but not K
            const auto b_grid_desc_bk0_n_bk1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                b_grid_desc_nraw_kraw,
                make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(BK0, BK1Value)),
                           make_right_pad_transform(N, NPad - N)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<0>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            return b_grid_desc_bk0_n_bk1;
        }
        else if constexpr(GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::KPadding ||
                          GemmSpec == GemmSpecialization::MKPadding)
        {
            // pad K, but not N
            const auto b_grid_desc_n_k = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                b_grid_desc_nraw_kraw,
                make_tuple(make_pass_through_transform(N), make_right_pad_transform(K, KPad - K)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            const auto b_grid_desc_bk0_n_bk1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                b_grid_desc_n_k,
                make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(BK0, BK1Value)),
                           make_pass_through_transform(N)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<0>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            return b_grid_desc_bk0_n_bk1;
        }
        else
        {
            // not pad N or K
            const auto b_grid_desc_bk0_n_bk1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                b_grid_desc_nraw_kraw,
                make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(BK0, BK1Value)),
                           make_pass_through_transform(N)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<0>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 2>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
 
            return b_grid_desc_bk0_n_bk1;
        }
    }
 
    template <typename ABlockDesc_AK0_M_AK1>
    __host__ __device__ static constexpr auto
    MakeAMmaTileDescriptor_M0_M1_M2_K(const ABlockDesc_AK0_M_AK1&)
    {
        constexpr index_t MWaves = MPerBlock / (MXdlPerWave * MPerXdl);
 
        return MakeGemmMmaTileDescriptor<MXdlPerWave, MWaves, MPerXdl>(ABlockDesc_AK0_M_AK1{});
    }
 
    template <typename BBlockDesc_BK0_N_BK1>
    __host__ __device__ static constexpr auto
    MakeBMmaTileDescriptor_N0_N1_N2_K(const BBlockDesc_BK0_N_BK1&)
    {
        return MakeGemmMmaTileDescriptor<NXdlPerWave, NWave, NPerXdl>(BBlockDesc_BK0_N_BK1{});
    }
 
    template <typename ELayout>
    __host__ __device__ static auto MakeCGridDescriptor_M_N(
        IndexType M, IndexType MPad, IndexType N, IndexType NPad, IndexType StrideC)
    {
        const auto c_grid_desc_mraw_nraw = [&]() {
            if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, ELayout>::value)
            {
                return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(M, N), make_tuple(StrideC, I1));
            }
            else if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::ColumnMajor, ELayout>::value)
            {
                return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(M, N), make_tuple(I1, StrideC));
            }
        }();
 
        // pad M and N
        return transform_tensor_descriptor(c_grid_desc_mraw_nraw,
                                           make_tuple(make_right_pad_transform(M, MPad - M),
                                                      make_right_pad_transform(N, NPad - N)),
                                           make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}),
                                           make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
    }
 
    template <typename DLayout>
    __host__ __device__ static auto
    MakeDGridDescriptor_M_N(index_t M, index_t MPad, index_t N, index_t NPad, index_t StrideC)
    {
        const auto c_grid_desc_mraw_nraw = [&]() {
            if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, DLayout>::value)
            {
                return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(M, N), make_tuple(StrideC, I0));
            }
            else if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::ColumnMajor, DLayout>::value)
            {
                return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(M, N), make_tuple(I0, StrideC));
            }
        }();
 
        // pad M and N
        return transform_tensor_descriptor(c_grid_desc_mraw_nraw,
                                           make_tuple(make_right_pad_transform(M, MPad - M),
                                                      make_right_pad_transform(N, NPad - N)),
                                           make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}),
                                           make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}));
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static auto MakeDsGridDescriptor_M_N(
        index_t M, index_t MPad, index_t N, index_t NPad, std::array<index_t, NumDTensor> StrideDs)
    {
        return generate_tuple(
            [&](auto i) {
                using DLayout = remove_cvref_t<tuple_element_t<i.value, DsLayout>>;
                return MakeDGridDescriptor_M_N<DLayout>(M, MPad, N, NPad, StrideDs[i]);
            },
            Number<NumDTensor>{});
    }
 
    template <typename DsGridDesc>
    __device__ static constexpr auto MakeDsGridDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock(
        const DsGridDesc& ds_grid_desc_m_n, index_t MBlock, index_t NBlock)
    {
        return generate_tuple(
            [&](auto i) {
                return MakeCGridDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock(
                    ds_grid_desc_m_n[i], MBlock, NBlock);
            },
            Number<NumDTensor>{});
    }
 
    struct Problem
    {
        __host__ __device__ Problem(index_t NumTokens_,
                                    index_t TopK_,
                                    index_t M_,
                                    index_t N_,
                                    index_t K_,
                                    index_t StrideA_,
                                    index_t StrideB_,
                                    std::array<index_t, NumDTensor> StrideDs_,
                                    index_t StrideC_,
                                    index_t KBatch_)
            : NumTokens{NumTokens_},
              TopK{TopK_},
              M{M_},
              N{N_},
              K{K_},
              StrideA{StrideA_},
              StrideB{StrideB_},
              StrideDs{StrideDs_},
              StrideC{StrideC_},
              KBatch{KBatch_},
              MPadded{CalculateMPadded(M_)},
              NPadded{CalculateNPadded(N_)},
              KRead{CalculateKRead(K_, KBatch_)},
              KPadded{CalculateKPadded(K_, KBatch_)},
              AK0{CalculateAK0Padded(K_, KBatch_)},
              BK0{CalculateBK0Padded(K_, KBatch_)},
              MBlock{CalculateMBlock(M_)},
              NBlock{CalculateNBlock(N_)}
        {
        }
 
        __host__ void Print() const
        {
            std::cout << "problem {" << "NumTokens:" << NumTokens << ", " << "TopK:" << TopK << ", "
                      << "M:" << M << ", " << "N:" << N << ", " << "K:" << K << ", "
                      << "SA:" << StrideA << ", " << "SB:" << StrideB << ", " << "SC:" << StrideC
                      << ", " << "MP:" << MPadded << ", " << "NP:" << NPadded << ", "
                      << "KRead:" << KRead << ", " << "KP:" << KPadded << ", " << "AK0:" << AK0
                      << ", " << "BK0:" << BK0 << ", " << "MBlock: " << MBlock << ", "
                      << "NBlock: " << NBlock << "}" << std::endl;
        }
 
        index_t NumTokens;
        index_t TopK;
        index_t M;
        index_t N;
        index_t K;
        index_t StrideA;
        index_t StrideB;
        std::array<index_t, NumDTensor> StrideDs;
        index_t StrideC;
        index_t KBatch;
        index_t MPadded;
        index_t NPadded;
        index_t KRead;
        index_t KPadded;
        index_t AK0;
        index_t BK0;
        index_t MBlock;
        index_t NBlock;
    };
 
    // Argument
    struct Argument : public tensor_operation::device::BaseArgument, public Problem
    {
        __host__ Argument(const index_t* p_sorted_token_ids_,
                          const index_t* p_sorted_expert_ids_,
                          const index_t* p_max_token_id_,
                          const ADataType* p_a_grid_,
                          const BDataType* p_b_grid_,
                          std::array<const void*, NumDTensor> p_ds_grid_,
                          CDataType* p_c_grid_,
                          index_t NumTokens_,
                          index_t TopK_,
                          index_t M_,
                          index_t N_,
                          index_t K_,
                          index_t StrideA_,
                          index_t StrideB_,
                          std::array<index_t, NumDTensor> StrideDs_,
                          index_t StrideC_,
                          index_t k_batch_,
                          AElementwiseOperation a_element_op_,
                          BElementwiseOperation b_element_op_,
                          CElementwiseOperation c_element_op_)
            : Problem{NumTokens_,
                      TopK_,
                      M_,
                      N_,
                      K_,
                      StrideA_,
                      StrideB_,
                      StrideDs_,
                      StrideC_,
                      k_batch_},
              p_sorted_token_ids{p_sorted_token_ids_},
              p_sorted_expert_ids{p_sorted_expert_ids_},
              p_max_token_id{p_max_token_id_},
              p_a_grid{p_a_grid_},
              p_b_grid{p_b_grid_},
              p_ds_grid{},
              p_c_grid{p_c_grid_},
              a_element_op{a_element_op_},
              b_element_op{b_element_op_},
              c_element_op{c_element_op_}
        {
 
            // populate pointer, desc for Ds
            static_for<0, NumDTensor, 1>{}([&](auto i) {
                using DDataType_ = remove_cvref_t<tuple_element_t<i.value, DsDataType>>;
 
                // D pointer
                p_ds_grid(i) = static_cast<const DDataType_*>(p_ds_grid_[i]);
            });
        }
 
        const index_t* p_sorted_token_ids;
        const index_t* p_sorted_expert_ids;
        const index_t* p_max_token_id;
        const ADataType* p_a_grid;
        const BDataType* p_b_grid;
        DsGridPointer p_ds_grid;
        CDataType* p_c_grid;
 
        const AElementwiseOperation a_element_op;
        const BElementwiseOperation b_element_op;
        const CElementwiseOperation c_element_op;
    };
 
    struct SplitKBatchOffset
    {
        __device__ SplitKBatchOffset(Argument& karg, index_t k_id)
        {
            if constexpr(is_same_v<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, ALayout>)
            {
                a_k_split_offset = k_id * karg.KRead / APackedSize;
            }
            else if constexpr(is_same_v<tensor_layout::gemm::ColumnMajor, ALayout>)
            {
                a_k_split_offset = k_id * karg.KRead * karg.StrideA;
            }
 
            if constexpr(is_same_v<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, BLayout>)
            {
                b_k_split_offset = k_id * karg.KRead * karg.StrideB;
            }
            else if constexpr(is_same_v<tensor_layout::gemm::ColumnMajor, BLayout>)
            {
                // KPack * NLane * KLane * K0 * N0
                b_k_split_offset = k_id * karg.KRead * NLane / BPackedSize;
            }
 
            if(k_id < karg.KBatch - 1)
            {
                karg.K = karg.KRead;
            }
            else
            {
                karg.K = karg.K - karg.KRead * (karg.KBatch - 1);
            }
        }
 
        index_t a_k_split_offset;
        index_t b_k_split_offset;
    };
 
    __device__ static constexpr auto GetABlockDescriptor_AK0PerBlock_MPerBlock_AK1()
    {
        constexpr index_t MWave    = MPerBlock / (MXdlPerWave * MPerXdl);
        constexpr index_t WaveSize = BlockSize / (MWave * NWave);
 
        // A matrix in LDS memory, dst of blockwise copy
        if constexpr(ABlockLdsExtraM)
        {
            return make_naive_tensor_descriptor(
                make_tuple(AK0Number, Number<MPerBlock>{}, AK1Number),
                make_tuple(AK1Number, Number<KPerBlock + ABlockLdsExtraM>{}, I1));
        }
        // xor tensor transformation request more unnecessary vgpr usage, would cause register spill
        // in some cases.
        else if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, ALayout>::value)
        {
            constexpr auto a_lds_block_desc =
                make_naive_tensor_descriptor(make_tuple(AK0Number, Number<MPerBlock>{}, AK1Number),
                                             make_tuple(AK1Number, Number<KPerBlock>{}, I1));
 
            constexpr auto a_lds_block_desc_permuted = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_lds_block_desc,
                make_tuple(make_xor_with_modulo_transform(
                               make_tuple(Number<MPerBlock>{}, Number<AK0Number>{})),
                           make_pass_through_transform(AK1Number)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1, 0>{}, Sequence<2>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1, 0>{}, Sequence<2>{}));
 
            return a_lds_block_desc_permuted;
        }
        else // ColumnMajor A
        {
            // kfold and mpair dimension is not always required.
            // more dimension in merge_transform increase the difficulty of generating immarg offset
            // for compiler.
            constexpr auto M0 = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I1);
            constexpr auto M1 = MPerBlock / M0;
 
            constexpr auto KThreadWrite     = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I0);
            constexpr auto K0PerThreadWrite = AK0Number / KThreadWrite;
            constexpr auto KThreadRead      = WaveSize / MPerXdl;
            constexpr auto K0PerThreadRead  = AK0Number / KThreadRead;
 
            constexpr auto kfold = (AK1Number * M0 * sizeof(LDSTypeA) > 128)
                                       ? 1
                                       : 128 / (AK1Number * M0 * sizeof(LDSTypeA));
            constexpr auto KThreadReadPerm =
                (kfold * K0PerThreadWrite / K0PerThreadRead) > 1
                    ? KThreadRead / (kfold * K0PerThreadWrite / K0PerThreadRead)
                    : KThreadRead;
 
            // 1<=mpair<=n0
            constexpr auto mpair = (AK1Number * MPerXdl * sizeof(LDSTypeA) > 128)
                                       ? 1
                                       : ((128 / (AK1Number * MPerXdl * sizeof(LDSTypeA))) > M0
                                              ? M0
                                              : 128 / (AK1Number * MPerXdl * sizeof(LDSTypeA)));
 
            constexpr auto a_lds_block_desc = make_naive_tensor_descriptor_packed(
                make_tuple(Number<KThreadWrite / kfold / KThreadReadPerm>{},
                           Number<K0PerThreadWrite>{},
                           Number<KThreadReadPerm * M1>{},
                           Number<kfold * M0 / mpair>{},
                           Number<mpair>{},
                           AK1Number));
 
            constexpr auto a_lds_block_desc_permuted = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_lds_block_desc,
                make_tuple(
                    make_pass_through_transform(Number<KThreadWrite / kfold / KThreadReadPerm>{}),
                    make_pass_through_transform(Number<K0PerThreadWrite>{}),
                    make_xor_with_modulo_transform(
                        make_tuple(Number<KThreadReadPerm * M1>{}, Number<kfold * M0 / mpair>{})),
                    make_pass_through_transform(Number<mpair>{}),
                    make_pass_through_transform(AK1Number)),
                make_tuple(
                    Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<2, 3>{}, Sequence<4>{}, Sequence<5>{}),
                make_tuple(
                    Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<2, 3>{}, Sequence<4>{}, Sequence<5>{}));
 
            constexpr auto a_lds_block_desc_unmerged = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_lds_block_desc_permuted,
                make_tuple(
                    make_pass_through_transform(Number<KThreadWrite / kfold / KThreadReadPerm>{}),
                    make_pass_through_transform(Number<K0PerThreadWrite>{}),
                    make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(Number<KThreadReadPerm>{}, Number<M1>{})),
                    make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(Number<kfold>{}, Number<M0 / mpair>{})),
                    make_pass_through_transform(Number<mpair>{}),
                    make_pass_through_transform(AK1Number)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0>{},
                           Sequence<1>{},
                           Sequence<2>{},
                           Sequence<3>{},
                           Sequence<4>{},
                           Sequence<5>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<1>{},
                           Sequence<2>{},
                           Sequence<0, 3>{},
                           Sequence<4, 5>{},
                           Sequence<6>{},
                           Sequence<7>{}));
 
            constexpr auto a_lds_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                a_lds_block_desc_unmerged,
                make_tuple(make_merge_transform_v3_division_mod(
                               make_tuple(Number<KThreadReadPerm>{},
                                          Number<KThreadWrite / kfold / KThreadReadPerm>{},
                                          Number<kfold>{},
                                          Number<K0PerThreadWrite>{})),
                           make_merge_transform_v3_division_mod(
                               make_tuple(Number<M0 / mpair>{}, Number<mpair>{}, Number<M1>{})),
                           make_pass_through_transform(AK1Number)),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0, 1, 4, 2>{}, Sequence<5, 6, 3>{}, Sequence<7>{}),
                make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<2>{}));
 
            return a_lds_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1;
        }
    }
 
    __device__ static constexpr auto GetBBlockDescriptor_BK0PerBlock_NPerBlock_BK1()
    {
        // K0 -> N0/NWave -> NWave -> KLane -> NLane -> KPack
        return make_naive_tensor_descriptor_packed(
            make_tuple(Number<NXdlPerWave>{}, I1, Number<KRepeat>{}, Number<BK1Value>{}));
    }
 
    __device__ static constexpr auto GetCShuffleBlockDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock()
    {
        constexpr index_t MWave = MPerBlock / (MXdlPerWave * MPerXdl);
 
        constexpr auto c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
            make_naive_tensor_descriptor_packed(
                make_tuple(I1,
                           Number<CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle * MWave * MPerXdl>{},
                           I1,
                           Number<CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle * NWave * NPerXdl>{}));
 
        return c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock;
    }
 
    using BlockwiseGemmPipe =
        remove_cvref_t<decltype(BlockGemmBPreshufflePipeline_Selector<
                                BlkGemmPipelineVer,
                                BlkGemmPipeSched,
                                BlockSize,
                                ADataType,
                                BDataType,
                                ComputeTypeA,
                                AccDataType,
                                decltype(GetABlockDescriptor_AK0PerBlock_MPerBlock_AK1()),
                                decltype(GetBBlockDescriptor_BK0PerBlock_NPerBlock_BK1()),
                                decltype(MakeAMmaTileDescriptor_M0_M1_M2_K(
                                    GetABlockDescriptor_AK0PerBlock_MPerBlock_AK1())),
                                decltype(MakeBMmaTileDescriptor_N0_N1_N2_K(
                                    GetBBlockDescriptor_BK0PerBlock_NPerBlock_BK1())),
                                ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
                                BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
                                MPerBlock,
                                NPerBlock,
                                KPerBlock,
                                MPerXdl,
                                NPerXdl,
                                MXdlPerWave,
                                NXdlPerWave,
                                KPack,
                                IsInputGemm>())>;
 
    __device__ static constexpr index_t GetSharedMemoryNumberOfByte()
    {
        // LDS allocation for A and B: be careful of alignment
        constexpr auto a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = GetABlockDescriptor_AK0PerBlock_MPerBlock_AK1();
        // lds max alignment
        constexpr auto max_lds_align = math::lcm(AK1Number, BK1Number);
 
        constexpr auto a_block_space_size_aligned = math::integer_least_multiple(
            a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetElementSpaceSize(), max_lds_align);
 
        // LDS allocation for C shuffle in LDS
        constexpr auto c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
            GetCShuffleBlockDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock();
 
        constexpr auto c_block_size =
            c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock.GetElementSpaceSize();
 
        return math::max(a_block_space_size_aligned * sizeof(LDSTypeA) / APackedSize,
                         c_block_size * sizeof(CShuffleDataType));
    }
 
    IS_VALID_COMPILATION_PARAMETER_IMPL(CDataType)
 
    // block_id to matrix tile idx (m0, n0) mapping are controlled by {M01, N01}
    __host__ static constexpr bool CheckValidity(const Argument& karg)
    {
        static_assert((MPerBlock % (MPerXdl * MXdlPerWave) == 0) &&
                          (NPerBlock % (NXdlPerWave * NPerXdl)) == 0,
                      "Invalid tuning param!");
 
        if constexpr(!(GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::MPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::MNPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::MKPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::MNKPadding) &&
                     !(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, ALayout>::value))
        {
            if(!(karg.M % MPerBlock == 0))
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg M value is not a multiple of MPerBlock! M: " << karg.M << " "
                          << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << ", in function: " << __func__
                          << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        if constexpr(!(GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::NPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::MNPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::NKPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::MNKPadding) &&
                     (is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, BLayout>::value))
        {
            if(!(karg.N % NPerBlock == 0))
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg N value is not a multiple of NPerBlock! N: " << karg.N << " "
                          << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << ", in function: " << __func__
                          << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        if constexpr(!(GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::KPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::MKPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::NKPadding ||
                       GemmSpec == tensor_operation::device::GemmSpecialization::MNKPadding))
        {
 
            auto K_t = karg.KBatch * KPerBlock;
            if(!(karg.K % K_t == 0))
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg K value is not a multiple of K_Batch * K0PerBlock * K1! K: "
                          << karg.K << " " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__
                          << ", in function: " << __func__ << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            constexpr auto KReadVec = math::lcm(AK1Number, BK1Number);
            auto K_t                = karg.KBatch * KReadVec;
            auto KReadPadSplited    = math::integer_divide_ceil(karg.K, K_t) * KReadVec;
            if((KReadPadSplited * (karg.KBatch - 1)) >= karg.K)
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, ALayout>::value)
        {
            if(karg.K % ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector != 0)
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg K (" << karg.K
                          << ") value is not a multiple of ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector ("
                          << ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector << " )! " << __FILE__ << ":"
                          << __LINE__ << ", in function: " << __func__ << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if(karg.M % ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector != 0)
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg M (" << karg.M
                          << ") value is not a multiple of ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector ("
                          << ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector << " )! " << __FILE__ << ":"
                          << __LINE__ << ", in function: " << __func__ << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, BLayout>::value)
        {
            if(karg.N % BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector != 0)
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg N (" << karg.N
                          << ") value is not a multiple of BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector ("
                          << BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector << " )! " << __FILE__ << ":"
                          << __LINE__ << ", in function: " << __func__ << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if(karg.K % BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector != 0)
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg K (" << karg.K
                          << ") value is not a multiple of BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector ("
                          << BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector << " )! " << __FILE__ << ":"
                          << __LINE__ << ", in function: " << __func__ << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        if constexpr(is_same<tensor_layout::gemm::RowMajor, CLayout>::value)
        {
            if(karg.N % CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock != 0)
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg N (" << karg.N
                          << ") value is not a multiple of "
                             "CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock ("
                          << CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock << " )! " << __FILE__
                          << ":" << __LINE__ << ", in function: " << __func__ << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if(karg.M % CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock != 0)
            {
#if DEBUG_LOG
                std::cout << "Arg M (" << karg.M
                          << ") value is not a multiple of "
                             "CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock ("
                          << CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock << " )! " << __FILE__
                          << ":" << __LINE__ << ", in function: " << __func__ << std::endl;
 
#endif // DEBUG_LOG
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        // check gridwise gemm pipeline
#if 0
        const auto num_k_loop = karg.AK0 / (KPerBlock / AK1Value);
 
        if(num_k_loop <= BlockwiseGemmPipe::PrefetchStages)
        {
            return false;
        }
#endif
        // TODO: also check validity of all components (blockwise-copy, threadwise-copy, etc)
        return true;
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static constexpr bool CalculateHasMainKBlockLoop(index_t K)
    {
        const index_t num_loop = K / KPerBlock;
 
        return BlockwiseGemmPipe::BlockHasHotloop(num_loop);
    }
 
    __host__ __device__ static constexpr TailNumber CalculateKBlockLoopTailNum(index_t K)
    {
        const index_t num_loop = K / KPerBlock;
 
        return BlockwiseGemmPipe::BlockLoopTailNum(num_loop);
    }
 
    template <typename CGridDesc>
    __device__ static constexpr auto MakeCGridDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock(
        const CGridDesc& c_grid_desc_m_n, index_t MBlock, index_t NBlock)
    {
        const auto c_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock = transform_tensor_descriptor(
            c_grid_desc_m_n,
            make_tuple(make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(MBlock, Number<MPerBlock>{})),
                       make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(NBlock, Number<NPerBlock>{}))),
            make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}),
            make_tuple(Sequence<0, 1>{}, Sequence<2, 3>{}));
 
        return c_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock;
    }
 
    // return block_id to C matrix tile idx (m0, n0) mapping
    // if arch = gfx942
    // using Block2CTileMapDefault = BlockToCTileMap_Grouped_M00_N0_M01Adapt<8, MPerBlock,
    // NPerBlock>;
 
    template <bool HasMainKBlockLoop,
              InMemoryDataOperationEnum CGlobalMemoryDataOperation,
              TailNumber TailNum = TailNumber::Odd>
    __device__ static void Run(const index_t* p_sorted_token_ids,
                               const index_t* p_sorted_expert_ids,
                               const index_t* p_max_token_id,
                               const ADataType* p_a_grid,
                               const BDataType* p_b_grid,
                               DsGridPointer& p_ds_grid,
                               CDataType* p_c_grid,
                               void* p_shared,
                               const Problem& problem,
                               AElementwiseOperation a_element_op,
                               BElementwiseOperation b_element_op,
                               CElementwiseOperation c_element_op)
    {
        ignore                           = b_element_op;
        index_t BN0Shuffled              = CalculateBN0Shuffled(problem.N);
        index_t BK0Shuffled              = CalculateBK0Shuffled(problem.K);
        const auto a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = MakeAGridDescriptor_AK0_M_AK1(
            IsInputGemm ? problem.NumTokens : problem.NumTokens * problem.TopK,
            problem.MPadded,
            problem.K,
            problem.KPadded,
            problem.StrideA,
            problem.AK0);
        const auto b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled =
            MakeBGridDescriptor_Preshuffled(BN0Shuffled, BK0Shuffled);
        const auto c_grid_desc_m_n = MakeCGridDescriptor_M_N<CLayout>(
            IsInputGemm ? problem.NumTokens * problem.TopK : problem.NumTokens,
            problem.MPadded,
            problem.N,
            problem.NPadded,
            problem.StrideC);
        const auto c_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
            MakeCGridDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock(
                c_grid_desc_m_n, problem.MBlock, problem.NBlock);
        const index_t max_token_id = __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(p_max_token_id[0]);
        // static_assert(NSwizzle == false, "to do fix: need another pr in sorting merged");
        const index_t expert_block_id = NSwizzle ? blockIdx.x / problem.NBlock : blockIdx.y;
        if(expert_block_id * MPerBlock >= max_token_id)
            return;
        const index_t expert_id =
            __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(p_sorted_expert_ids[expert_block_id]);
        const auto block_mn = [&]() -> std::pair<int, int> {
            if constexpr(NSwizzle)
            {
                const index_t ecnt_prefix  = p_max_token_id[1 + expert_id];
                const index_t prefix_block = ecnt_prefix * problem.NBlock;
                const index_t ecnt         = p_max_token_id[2 + expert_id] - ecnt_prefix;
                const index_t expert_swizzle =
                    ecnt > 0 ? ecnt : 1; // p_max_token_id[expert_id + 1]; // 2
                const index_t bid_new = blockIdx.x - prefix_block;
                const index_t nid     = __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(
                    bid_new % 8 + bid_new / (8 * expert_swizzle) * 8);
                const index_t mid =
                    __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(ecnt_prefix + bid_new / 8 % expert_swizzle);
                return {nid, mid};
            }
            else
            {
                return {blockIdx.x, blockIdx.y};
            }
        }();
 
        const index_t block_n_id = block_mn.first;
        const index_t block_m_id = block_mn.second;
        const index_t token0 =
            __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(p_sorted_token_ids[block_m_id * MPerBlock] & 0xffffff);
 
        // constexpr auto M0 = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I1);
        constexpr auto AMThreads  = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I1);
        constexpr auto AK0Threads = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I0);
        constexpr auto AK1Threads = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I2);
        constexpr auto AKThreads  = AK0Threads * AK1Threads;
        constexpr auto AMRepeats  = MPerBlock / AMThreads;
        const index_t token_pos   = block_m_id * MPerBlock + threadIdx.x / AKThreads * AMRepeats;
 
        if(token_pos >= max_token_id || token0 >= problem.NumTokens)
            return;
        StaticallyIndexedArray<IndexType, AMRepeats> gather_offsets;
        static_for<0, AMRepeats, 1>{}([&](auto m0) {
            const index_t fused_token = p_sorted_token_ids[token_pos + m0];
            index_t token_offset      = fused_token & 0xffffff;
            if constexpr(!IsInputGemm)
            {
                token_offset = token_offset * problem.TopK + (fused_token >> 24);
            }
            gather_offsets(m0) = static_cast<IndexType>(token_offset) * problem.K;
        });
        const IndexType expert_stride =
            __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(problem.N * problem.K * (IsInputGemm ? 2 : 1));
        const IndexType expert_offset = expert_id * expert_stride / BPackedSize;
        // N0, K0, Blocksize*KPack
        const index_t n_block_data_idx_on_grid =
            __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(block_n_id * NXdlPerWave);
 
        const auto a_grid_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
            p_a_grid, a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetElementSpaceSize());
        const auto b_grid_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
            p_b_grid + expert_offset, b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled.GetElementSpaceSize());
        // A matrix in LDS memory, dst of blockwise copy
        constexpr auto a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = GetABlockDescriptor_AK0PerBlock_MPerBlock_AK1();
 
        // B matrix in LDS memory, dst of blockwise copy
        // dummy
        constexpr auto b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1 = GetBBlockDescriptor_BK0PerBlock_NPerBlock_BK1();
        // A matrix blockwise copy
        auto a_blockwise_copy = ThreadGroupTensorSliceTransfer_v4r1_gather<
            ThisThreadBlock,
            AElementwiseOperation,
            ck::tensor_operation::element_wise::PassThrough,
            InMemoryDataOperationEnum::Set,
            Sequence<AK0Number, MPerBlock, AK1Number>,
            ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1,
            ABlockTransferThreadClusterArrangeOrder,
            ADataType,
            LDSTypeA,
            decltype(a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1),
            decltype(a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1),
            ABlockTransferSrcAccessOrder,
            Sequence<0, 1, 2>,
            ABlockTransferSrcVectorDim,
            2,
            ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
            ABlockTransferDstScalarPerVector_AK1,
            1,
            1,
            AThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRun,
            true,
            IndexType,
            1,
            BlockwiseGemmPipe::GlobalBufferNum>(a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                                                make_multi_index(0, 0, 0),
                                                a_element_op,
                                                a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                                                make_multi_index(0, 0, 0),
                                                ck::tensor_operation::element_wise::PassThrough{},
                                                gather_offsets);
 
        // Thread-wise copy
        // K0 -> N0/NWave -> NWave -> KLane -> NLane -> KPack
        auto b_block_buf = make_static_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Vgpr, BDataType>(
            b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1.GetElementSpaceSize());
 
        auto b_blockwise_copy = ThreadwiseTensorSliceTransfer_v2<
            BDataType,
            BDataType,
            decltype(b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled),
            decltype(b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1),
            Sequence<Number<NXdlPerWave>{}, I1, Number<KRepeat>{}, Number<BK1Value>{}>,
            Sequence<1, 2, 0, 3>,
            3,
            BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
            BThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRun,
            true>(b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled,
                  make_multi_index(n_block_data_idx_on_grid,
                                   get_warp_local_1d_id() % NWave,
                                   0,
                                   KPack / KGroup * (get_thread_local_1d_id() % WarpSize)));
 
        // LDS allocation for A and B: be careful of alignment
        // Cast after lds
        auto a_block_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Lds>(
            static_cast<LDSTypeA*>(p_shared), a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetElementSpaceSize());
 
        constexpr auto a_block_slice_copy_step = make_multi_index(KPerBlock / AK1Number, 0, 0);
        constexpr auto b_block_slice_copy_step = make_multi_index(0, 0, KRepeat, 0);
 
        // Blockwise GEMM pipeline
        static_assert(std::is_default_constructible_v<BlockwiseGemmPipe>);
        auto blockwise_gemm_pipeline = BlockwiseGemmPipe{};
        auto c_thread_buf            = blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCThreadBuffer();
        decltype(c_thread_buf) c_thread_buf_up;
 
        StaticBufferTupleOfVector<AddressSpaceEnum::Vgpr,
                                  float,
                                  c_thread_buf.num_of_v_,
                                  c_thread_buf.s_per_v,
                                  true>
            c_thread_buf_fp32;
 
        const index_t num_k_block_main_loop = __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(
            (a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetLength(I0) * a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetLength(I2)) /
            KPerBlock);
        if constexpr(IsInputGemm)
        {
            const BDataType* p_b_grid_up = p_b_grid + expert_stride / 2 / BPackedSize;
            const auto b_grid_buf_up     = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
                p_b_grid_up + expert_offset, b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled.GetElementSpaceSize());
            auto b_blockwise_copy_up = ThreadwiseTensorSliceTransfer_v2<
                BDataType,
                BDataType,
                decltype(b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled),
                decltype(b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1),
                Sequence<Number<NXdlPerWave>{}, I1, Number<KRepeat>{}, Number<BK1Value>{}>,
                Sequence<1, 2, 0, 3>,
                3,
                BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
                BThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRun,
                true>(b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled,
                      make_multi_index(n_block_data_idx_on_grid,
                                       get_warp_local_1d_id() % NWave,
                                       0,
                                       KPack / KGroup * (get_thread_local_1d_id() % WarpSize)));
 
            blockwise_gemm_pipeline.template Run<HasMainKBlockLoop, TailNum>(
                a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                a_blockwise_copy,
                a_grid_buf,
                a_block_buf,
                a_block_slice_copy_step,
                b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled,
                b_blockwise_copy,
                b_blockwise_copy_up,
                b_grid_buf,
                b_grid_buf_up,
                b_block_buf,
                b_block_slice_copy_step,
                c_thread_buf,
                c_thread_buf_up,
                num_k_block_main_loop);
        }
        else
        {
            blockwise_gemm_pipeline.template Run<HasMainKBlockLoop, TailNum>(
                a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                a_blockwise_copy,
                a_grid_buf,
                a_block_buf,
                a_block_slice_copy_step,
                b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled,
                b_blockwise_copy,
                b_grid_buf,
                b_block_buf,
                b_block_slice_copy_step,
                c_thread_buf,
                num_k_block_main_loop);
        }
 
        // shuffle C and write out
        {
            static_assert(MXdlPerWave % CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle == 0 &&
                              NXdlPerWave % CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle == 0,
                          "wrong!");
 
            constexpr index_t MWave = MPerBlock / (MXdlPerWave * MPerXdl);
 
            // TODO: hacky, fix it!
            constexpr auto c_thread_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2 =
                blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCThreadDescriptor_M0_N0_M1_N1_M2_M3_M4_N2();
 
            // TODO: hacky, fix it!
            // c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp is only used to get lengths
            constexpr auto c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp =
                blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCBlockDescriptor_M0_N0_M1_N1_M2_M3_M4_N2();
 
            constexpr auto M0 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I0);
            constexpr auto N0 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I1);
            constexpr auto M1 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I2);
            constexpr auto N1 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I3);
            constexpr auto M2 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I4);
            constexpr auto M3 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I5);
            constexpr auto M4 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I6);
            constexpr auto N2 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I7);
 
            // mul scales
            const float* p_sorted_weights_0 = p_ds_grid[I0];
            const float* p_scale_b          = p_ds_grid[I1];
 
            static_assert(M0 * M1 * M2 * M3 * M4 == MPerBlock);
            static_assert(M4 == 4 || M4 == 8);
            const index_t m1 = get_warp_local_1d_id() / NWave;
            const index_t m3 = threadIdx.x % get_warp_size() / MPerXdl;
 
            if(p_sorted_weights_0 != nullptr && p_scale_b != nullptr)
            {
                if constexpr(PerTokenQuant)
                {
                    constexpr index_t scale_stride = (IsInputGemm ? 2 : 1);
                    p_scale_b += expert_id * problem.N * scale_stride + block_n_id * NPerBlock +
                                 get_warp_local_1d_id() % NWave * NPerXdl + threadIdx.x % NPerXdl;
                }
                else
                {
                    p_scale_b += expert_id;
                }
 
                vector_type<int32_t, M4> scale_token_ids;
                vector_type<float, M4> topk_weights;
                static_for<0, NXdlPerWave, 1>{}([&](auto n0) {
                    const float scale_b = p_scale_b[n0 * NWave * NPerXdl * PerTokenQuant];
                    static_for<0, MXdlPerWave, 1>{}([&](auto m0) { // MXDLPerWave
                        static_for<0, M2, 1>{}([&](auto m2) {      // m_inst_num_groups_per_blk
                            const index_t m_pos = block_m_id * MPerBlock + m0 * M1 * M2 * M3 * M4 +
                                                  m1 * M2 * M3 * M4 + m2 * M3 * M4 + m3 * M4;
                            if constexpr(PerTokenQuant)
                            {
                                scale_token_ids =
                                    *c_style_pointer_cast<const vector_type<int32_t, M4>*>(
                                        p_sorted_token_ids + m_pos);
                            }
                            if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                            {
                                topk_weights = *c_style_pointer_cast<const vector_type<float, M4>*>(
                                    p_ds_grid[I2] + m_pos);
                            }
                            static_for<0, M4, 1>{}([&](auto m4) { // m_inst_group_size
                                float scale_a = [&]() {
                                    if constexpr(PerTokenQuant)
                                    {
                                        index_t fused_token =
                                            scale_token_ids.template AsType<index_t>()[m4];
                                        const index_t token_offset = fused_token & 0xffffff;
                                        return token_offset < problem.NumTokens
                                                   ? p_sorted_weights_0[IsInputGemm
                                                                            ? token_offset
                                                                            : token_offset *
                                                                                      problem.TopK +
                                                                                  (fused_token >>
                                                                                   24)]
                                                   : 0.0;
                                    }
                                    else
                                    {
                                        return p_sorted_weights_0[0];
                                    }
                                }();
                                constexpr index_t c_offset =
                                    blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCThreadDesc().CalculateOffset(
                                        make_tuple(m0, n0, m2 * M4 + m4));
                                constexpr auto cidx = Number<c_offset>{};
                                if constexpr(IsInputGemm) // gu fusion
                                {
                                    if constexpr(ActivationOperation == Activation::silu_and_mul)
                                    {
                                        const float scale_up =
                                            p_scale_b[(n0 * NWave * NPerXdl + problem.N) *
                                                      PerTokenQuant];
                                        float gate = scale_a * scale_b * c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                        float up   = scale_a * scale_up * c_thread_buf_up[cidx];
                                        if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                        {
                                            gate = gate * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                            up   = up * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                        }
                                        if constexpr(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<BDataType>, pk_i4_t>)
                                        {
                                            gate *= 16;
                                            up *= 16;
                                        }
                                        tensor_operation::element_wise::Silu{}(gate, gate);
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = gate * up;
                                    }
                                    else if(ActivationOperation == Activation::gelu_and_mul)
                                    {
                                        const float scale_up =
                                            p_scale_b[(n0 * NWave * NPerXdl + problem.N) *
                                                      PerTokenQuant];
                                        float gate = scale_a * scale_b * c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                        float up   = scale_a * scale_up * c_thread_buf_up[cidx];
                                        if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                        {
                                            gate = gate * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                            up   = up * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                        }
                                        if constexpr(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<BDataType>, pk_i4_t>)
                                        {
                                            gate *= 16;
                                            up *= 16;
                                        }
                                        tensor_operation::element_wise::Gelu{}(gate, gate);
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = gate * up;
                                    }
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) =
                                        scale_a * scale_b * c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                    if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                    {
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) =
                                            c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) *
                                            topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                    }
                                }
                            });
                        });
                    });
                });
            }
            else
            {
                vector_type<float, M4> topk_weights; // for gemm2 only
                static_for<0, NXdlPerWave, 1>{}([&](auto n0) {
                    static_for<0, MXdlPerWave, 1>{}([&](auto m0) { // MXDLPerWave
                        static_for<0, M2, 1>{}([&](auto m2) {      // m_inst_num_groups_per_blk
                            const index_t m_pos = block_m_id * MPerBlock + m0 * M1 * M2 * M3 * M4 +
                                                  m1 * M2 * M3 * M4 + m2 * M3 * M4 + m3 * M4;
                            if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                            {
                                topk_weights = *c_style_pointer_cast<const vector_type<float, M4>*>(
                                    p_ds_grid[I2] + m_pos);
                            }
                            static_for<0, M4, 1>{}([&](auto m4) { // m_inst_group_size
                                constexpr index_t c_offset =
                                    blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCThreadDesc().CalculateOffset(
                                        make_tuple(m0, n0, m2 * M4 + m4));
                                constexpr auto cidx = Number<c_offset>{};
 
                                if constexpr(IsInputGemm) // gu fusion
                                {
                                    if constexpr(ActivationOperation == Activation::silu_and_mul)
                                    {
                                        float gate = c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                        float up   = c_thread_buf_up[cidx];
                                        if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                        {
                                            gate = gate * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                            up   = up * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                        }
                                        tensor_operation::element_wise::Silu{}(gate, gate);
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = gate * up;
                                    }
                                    else if(ActivationOperation == Activation::gelu_and_mul)
                                    {
                                        float gate = c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                        float up   = c_thread_buf_up[cidx];
                                        if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                        {
                                            gate = gate * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                            up   = up * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                        }
                                        tensor_operation::element_wise::Gelu{}(gate, gate);
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = gate * up;
                                    }
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                    if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                    {
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) =
                                            topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4] *
                                            c_thread_buf_fp32[cidx];
                                    }
                                }
                            });
                        });
                    });
                });
            }
 
            constexpr auto c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
                GetCShuffleBlockDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock();
 
            auto c_shuffle_block_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Lds>(
                static_cast<CShuffleDataType*>(p_shared),
                c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock.GetElementSpaceSize());
 
            constexpr auto c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock,
                make_tuple(
                    make_freeze_transform(I0),
                    make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(
                        Number<CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle>{}, // M0 (MXdlPerWave) per shuffle
                        M1,                                      // M1 = MWave
                        M2,                                      // M2 * M3 * M4 = MPerXdl
                        M3,
                        M4)),
                    make_freeze_transform(I0),
                    make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(
                        Number<CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle>{}, // N0 (NXdlPerWave) per shuffle
                        N1,                                      // N1 = NWave
                        N2))),                                   // N2 = NPerXdl
                make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<2>{}, Sequence<3>{}),
                make_tuple(
                    Sequence<>{}, Sequence<0, 2, 4, 5, 6>{}, Sequence<>{}, Sequence<1, 3, 7>{}));
 
            // calculate origin of thread output tensor on global memory
            //     blockwise GEMM c matrix starting index
            const auto c_thread_mtx_on_block =
                blockwise_gemm_pipeline.CalculateCThreadOriginDataIndex(I0, I0, I0, I0);
 
            const index_t m_thread_data_on_block = c_thread_mtx_on_block[I0];
            const index_t n_thread_data_on_block = c_thread_mtx_on_block[I1];
 
            const auto m_thread_data_on_block_to_m0_m1_m2_m3_m4_adaptor =
                make_single_stage_tensor_adaptor(
                    make_tuple(make_merge_transform(make_tuple(M0, M1, M2, M3, M4))),
                    make_tuple(Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3, 4>{}),
                    make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}));
 
            const auto m_thread_data_on_block_idx =
                m_thread_data_on_block_to_m0_m1_m2_m3_m4_adaptor.CalculateBottomIndex(
                    make_multi_index(m_thread_data_on_block));
 
            const auto n_thread_data_on_block_to_n0_n1_n2_adaptor =
                make_single_stage_tensor_adaptor(
                    make_tuple(make_merge_transform(make_tuple(N0, N1, N2))),
                    make_tuple(Sequence<0, 1, 2>{}),
                    make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}));
 
            const auto n_thread_data_on_block_idx =
                n_thread_data_on_block_to_n0_n1_n2_adaptor.CalculateBottomIndex(
                    make_multi_index(n_thread_data_on_block));
 
            // shuffle: threadwise copy C from VGPR to LDS
            auto c_thread_copy_vgpr_to_lds =
                ThreadwiseTensorSliceTransfer_v1r3<AccDataType,
                                                   CShuffleDataType,
                                                   decltype(c_thread_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2),
                                                   decltype(c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2),
                                                   ck::tensor_operation::element_wise::PassThrough,
                                                   Sequence<CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
                                                            CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
                                                            I1,
                                                            I1,
                                                            M2,
                                                            I1,
                                                            M4,
                                                            I1>,
                                                   Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7>,
                                                   7,
                                                   1,
                                                   InMemoryDataOperationEnum::Set,
                                                   1,
                                                   true>{
                    c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2,
                    make_multi_index(0,
                                     0,
                                     m_thread_data_on_block_idx[I1],
                                     n_thread_data_on_block_idx[I1],
                                     m_thread_data_on_block_idx[I2],
                                     m_thread_data_on_block_idx[I3],
                                     m_thread_data_on_block_idx[I4],
                                     n_thread_data_on_block_idx[I2]),
                    ck::tensor_operation::element_wise::PassThrough{}};
 
            using EDataType = CDataType;
 
            const auto ds_grid_desc_m_n = MakeDsGridDescriptor_M_N(
                problem.M, problem.MPadded, problem.N, problem.NPadded, problem.StrideDs);
 
            const auto ds_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
                MakeDsGridDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock(
                    ds_grid_desc_m_n, problem.MBlock, problem.NBlock);
 
            const auto ds_grid_buf = generate_tuple(
                [&](auto i) {
                    return make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
                        p_ds_grid[i], ds_grid_desc_m_n[i].GetElementSpaceSize());
                },
                Number<NumDTensor>{});
 
            // tuple of reference to C/Ds tensor descriptors
            const auto c_ds_desc_refs = concat_tuple_of_reference(
                tie(c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock),
                generate_tie([&](auto i) -> const auto& // return type should be reference
                             { return ds_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock[i]; },
                             Number<NumDTensor>{}));
 
            // tuple of reference to C/Ds tensor descriptors
            const auto c_ds_buf_refs = concat_tuple_of_reference(
                tie(c_shuffle_block_buf),
                generate_tie([&](auto i) -> const auto& // return type should be reference
                             { return ds_grid_buf[i]; },
                             Number<NumDTensor>{}));
 
            // tuple of starting index of C/Ds blockwise copy
            const auto idx_c_ds_block_begin =
                container_concat(make_tuple(make_multi_index(0, 0, 0, 0)),
                                 generate_tuple(
                                     [&](auto) {
                                         return make_multi_index(block_m_id, 0, block_n_id, 0);
                                         // return make_multi_index(block_work_idx[I0], 0,
                                         // block_work_idx[I1], 0);
                                     },
                                     Number<NumDTensor>{}));
 
            const auto e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
                c_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock;
 
            using CDEBlockTransferCluster =
                CShuffleBlockTransferClusterLengths_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock;
            const auto EGlobalMemoryDataOperation = CGlobalMemoryDataOperation;
            constexpr index_t scatter_weight_idx  = 3; // hack fix felix
            auto cde_block_copy_lds_and_global    = ThreadGroupTensorSliceTransfer_v7r3_scatter<
                   ThisThreadBlock,
                   decltype(container_concat(make_tuple(CShuffleDataType{}), DsDataType{})),
                   Tuple<EDataType>,
                   decltype(c_ds_desc_refs),
                   decltype(tie(e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock)),
                   CElementwiseOperation,
                   Sequence<static_cast<index_t>(EGlobalMemoryDataOperation)>, // FIXME: make Sequence
                                                                               // support arbitray type
                   Sequence<1,
                            CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle * MWave * MPerXdl,
                            1,
                            CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle * NWave * NPerXdl>, // BlockSliceLengths,
                   CDEBlockTransferCluster,
                   Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3>, // typename ThreadClusterArrangeOrder,
                   Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3>, // typename SrcDimAccessOrder,
                   Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3>, // typename DstDimAccessOrder,
                   3,                    // index_t SrcVectorDim,
                   3,                    // index_t DstVectorDim,
                   CDEShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVectors,
                   CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock,
                   sequence_merge_t<
                       Sequence<true>,
                       uniform_sequence_gen_t<NumDTensor,
                                              false>>, // ThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRunFlags
                   Sequence<false>, // ThreadTransferDstResetCoordinateAfterRunFlags
                   IndexType,
                   1,                 // ScatterDim
                   true,              // OutputScatter: false, only use scatter weights
                   scatter_weight_idx // ScatterWeightIdx: ascale
                   >{c_ds_desc_refs,
                     idx_c_ds_block_begin,
                     tie(e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock),
                     make_tuple(make_multi_index(0, 0, block_n_id, 0)),
                     c_element_op};
 
            auto c_grid_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
                p_c_grid, c_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock.GetElementSpaceSize());
            constexpr auto sfc_c_vgpr =
                SpaceFillingCurve<Sequence<MXdlPerWave, NXdlPerWave, 1, 1, M2, 1, M4, 1>,
                                  Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7>,
                                  Sequence<CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
                                           CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
                                           1,
                                           1,
                                           M2,
                                           1,
                                           M4,
                                           1>>{};
 
            constexpr index_t num_access = sfc_c_vgpr.GetNumOfAccess();
 
            // space filling curve for shuffled blockwise C/D/E
            constexpr auto sfc_cde_block =
                SpaceFillingCurve<Sequence<1, MPerBlock, 1, NPerBlock>,
                                  Sequence<0, 2, 1, 3>,
                                  Sequence<1,
                                           CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle * MWave * MPerXdl,
                                           1,
                                           CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle * NWave * NPerXdl>>{};
 
            static_assert(num_access == sfc_cde_block.GetNumOfAccess(), "wrong!");
            constexpr auto EMThreads =
                CDEBlockTransferCluster{}.At(I0) * CDEBlockTransferCluster{}.At(I1);
            constexpr auto EMRepeats = CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle * MWave * MPerXdl / EMThreads;
            constexpr auto ENThreads =
                CDEBlockTransferCluster{}.At(I2) * CDEBlockTransferCluster{}.At(I3);
            static_for<0, num_access, 1>{}([&](auto access_id) {
                // make sure it's safe to write to LDS
                StaticallyIndexedArray<IndexType, EMRepeats> scatter_offsets;
 
                auto dstidx = sfc_cde_block.GetIndex(access_id);
                const index_t c_token_pos =
                    block_m_id * MPerBlock + threadIdx.x / ENThreads * EMRepeats + dstidx(I1);
                static_for<0, EMRepeats, 1>{}([&](auto m0) {
                    const index_t fused_token = p_sorted_token_ids[c_token_pos + m0];
                    IndexType token_offset    = fused_token & 0xffffff;
                    if constexpr(IsInputGemm)
                    {
                        token_offset = token_offset * problem.TopK + (fused_token >> 24);
                    }
                    scatter_offsets(m0) = static_cast<IndexType>(token_offset) * problem.N;
                });
 
                block_sync_lds();
 
                // each thread write its data from VGPR to LDS
                c_thread_copy_vgpr_to_lds.Run(c_thread_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2,
                                              sfc_c_vgpr.GetIndexTupleOfNumber(access_id),
                                              c_thread_buf_fp32,
                                              c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2,
                                              c_shuffle_block_buf);
 
                // make sure it's safe to read from LDS
                block_sync_lds();
 
                // each block copy its data from LDS to global
                cde_block_copy_lds_and_global.Run(
                    c_ds_desc_refs,
                    c_ds_buf_refs,
                    tie(e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock),
                    tie(c_grid_buf),
                    scatter_offsets);
 
                if constexpr(access_id < num_access - 1)
                {
                    constexpr auto cde_lds_and_global_step =
                        sfc_cde_block.GetForwardStep(access_id);
 
                    // move on Ds
                    static_for<0, NumDTensor, 1>{}([&](auto i) {
                        cde_block_copy_lds_and_global.MoveSrcSliceWindow(
                            c_ds_desc_refs, i + I1, cde_lds_and_global_step);
                    });
 
                    // move on E
                    cde_block_copy_lds_and_global.MoveDstSliceWindow(
                        tie(e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock),
                        I0,
                        cde_lds_and_global_step);
                }
            });
        }
    }
 
    template <bool HasMainKBlockLoop,
              InMemoryDataOperationEnum CGlobalMemoryDataOperation,
              TailNumber TailNum = TailNumber::Odd>
    __device__ static void Run_2Lds(const index_t* p_sorted_token_ids,
                                    const index_t* p_sorted_expert_ids,
                                    const index_t* p_max_token_id,
                                    const ADataType* p_a_grid,
                                    const BDataType* p_b_grid,
                                    DsGridPointer& p_ds_grid,
                                    CDataType* p_c_grid,
                                    void* p_shared,
                                    void* p_shared1,
                                    const Problem& problem,
                                    AElementwiseOperation a_element_op,
                                    BElementwiseOperation b_element_op,
                                    CElementwiseOperation c_element_op)
    {
        ignore                           = b_element_op;
        index_t BN0Shuffled              = CalculateBN0Shuffled(problem.N);
        index_t BK0Shuffled              = CalculateBK0Shuffled(problem.K);
        const auto a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = MakeAGridDescriptor_AK0_M_AK1(
            IsInputGemm ? problem.NumTokens : problem.NumTokens * problem.TopK,
            problem.MPadded,
            problem.K,
            problem.KPadded,
            problem.StrideA,
            problem.AK0);
        const auto b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled =
            MakeBGridDescriptor_Preshuffled(BN0Shuffled, BK0Shuffled);
        const auto c_grid_desc_m_n = MakeCGridDescriptor_M_N<CLayout>(
            IsInputGemm ? problem.NumTokens * problem.TopK : problem.NumTokens,
            problem.MPadded,
            problem.N,
            problem.NPadded,
            problem.StrideC);
        const auto c_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
            MakeCGridDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock(
                c_grid_desc_m_n, problem.MBlock, problem.NBlock);
        const index_t max_token_id = __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(p_max_token_id[0]);
        // static_assert(NSwizzle == false, "to do fix: need another pr in sorting merged");
        const index_t expert_block_id = NSwizzle ? blockIdx.x / problem.NBlock : blockIdx.y;
        if(expert_block_id * MPerBlock >= max_token_id)
            return;
        const index_t expert_id =
            __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(p_sorted_expert_ids[expert_block_id]);
        const auto block_mn = [&]() -> std::pair<int, int> {
            if constexpr(NSwizzle)
            {
                const index_t ecnt_prefix  = p_max_token_id[1 + expert_id];
                const index_t prefix_block = ecnt_prefix * problem.NBlock;
                const index_t ecnt         = p_max_token_id[2 + expert_id] - ecnt_prefix;
                const index_t expert_swizzle =
                    ecnt > 0 ? ecnt : 1; // p_max_token_id[expert_id + 1]; // 2
                const index_t bid_new = blockIdx.x - prefix_block;
                const index_t nid     = __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(
                    bid_new % 8 + bid_new / (8 * expert_swizzle) * 8);
                const index_t mid =
                    __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(ecnt_prefix + bid_new / 8 % expert_swizzle);
                return {nid, mid};
            }
            else
            {
                return {blockIdx.x, blockIdx.y};
            }
        }();
 
        const index_t block_n_id = block_mn.first;
        const index_t block_m_id = block_mn.second;
        const index_t token0 =
            __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(p_sorted_token_ids[block_m_id * MPerBlock] & 0xffffff);
 
        // constexpr auto M0 = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I1);
        constexpr auto AMThreads  = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I1);
        constexpr auto AK0Threads = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I0);
        constexpr auto AK1Threads = ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1{}.At(I2);
        constexpr auto AKThreads  = AK0Threads * AK1Threads;
        constexpr auto AMRepeats  = MPerBlock / AMThreads;
        const index_t token_pos   = block_m_id * MPerBlock + threadIdx.x / AKThreads * AMRepeats;
 
        if(token_pos >= max_token_id || token0 >= problem.NumTokens)
            return;
        StaticallyIndexedArray<IndexType, AMRepeats> gather_offsets;
        static_for<0, AMRepeats, 1>{}([&](auto m0) {
            const index_t fused_token = p_sorted_token_ids[token_pos + m0];
            index_t token_offset      = fused_token & 0xffffff;
            if constexpr(!IsInputGemm)
            {
                token_offset = token_offset * problem.TopK + (fused_token >> 24);
            }
            gather_offsets(m0) = static_cast<IndexType>(token_offset) * problem.K;
        });
        const IndexType expert_stride =
            __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(problem.N * problem.K * (IsInputGemm ? 2 : 1));
        const IndexType expert_offset = expert_id * expert_stride / BPackedSize;
        // N0, K0, Blocksize*KPack
        const index_t n_block_data_idx_on_grid =
            __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(block_n_id * NXdlPerWave);
 
        const auto a_grid_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
            p_a_grid, a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetElementSpaceSize());
        const auto b_grid_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
            p_b_grid + expert_offset, b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled.GetElementSpaceSize());
 
        // A matrix in LDS memory, dst of blockwise copy
        constexpr auto a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1 = GetABlockDescriptor_AK0PerBlock_MPerBlock_AK1();
 
        // B matrix in LDS memory, dst of blockwise copy
        // dummy
        constexpr auto b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1 = GetBBlockDescriptor_BK0PerBlock_NPerBlock_BK1();
        // A matrix blockwise copy
        auto a_blockwise_copy = ThreadGroupTensorSliceTransfer_v4r1_gather<
            ThisThreadBlock,
            AElementwiseOperation,
            ck::tensor_operation::element_wise::PassThrough,
            InMemoryDataOperationEnum::Set,
            Sequence<AK0Number, MPerBlock, AK1Number>,
            ABlockTransferThreadClusterLengths_AK0_M_AK1,
            ABlockTransferThreadClusterArrangeOrder,
            ADataType,
            LDSTypeA,
            decltype(a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1),
            decltype(a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1),
            ABlockTransferSrcAccessOrder,
            Sequence<0, 1, 2>,
            ABlockTransferSrcVectorDim,
            2,
            ABlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
            ABlockTransferDstScalarPerVector_AK1,
            1,
            1,
            AThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRun,
            true,
            IndexType,
            1,
            2>(a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
               make_multi_index(0, 0, 0),
               a_element_op,
               a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
               make_multi_index(0, 0, 0),
               ck::tensor_operation::element_wise::PassThrough{},
               gather_offsets);
 
        // Thread-wise copy
        // K0 -> N0/NWave -> NWave -> KLane -> NLane -> KPack
        auto b_block_buf_ping = make_static_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Vgpr, BDataType>(
            b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1.GetElementSpaceSize());
        auto b_block_buf_pong = make_static_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Vgpr, BDataType>(
            b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1.GetElementSpaceSize());
        auto b_block_bufs = make_tuple(b_block_buf_ping, b_block_buf_pong);
 
        auto b_blockwise_copy = ThreadwiseTensorSliceTransfer_v2<
            BDataType,
            BDataType,
            decltype(b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled),
            decltype(b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1),
            Sequence<Number<NXdlPerWave>{}, I1, Number<KRepeat>{}, Number<BK1Value>{}>,
            Sequence<1, 2, 0, 3>,
            3,
            BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
            BThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRun,
            true>(b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled,
                  make_multi_index(n_block_data_idx_on_grid,
                                   get_warp_local_1d_id() % NWave,
                                   0,
                                   KPack / KGroup * (get_thread_local_1d_id() % WarpSize)));
 
        // LDS allocation for A and B: be careful of alignment
        // Cast after lds
        auto a_block_buf_ping = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Lds>(
            static_cast<ADataType*>(p_shared), a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetElementSpaceSize());
        auto a_block_buf_pong = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Lds>(
            static_cast<ADataType*>(p_shared1), a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetElementSpaceSize());
        auto a_block_bufs = make_tuple(a_block_buf_ping, a_block_buf_pong);
 
        constexpr auto a_block_slice_copy_step = make_multi_index(KPerBlock / AK1Number, 0, 0);
        constexpr auto b_block_slice_copy_step = make_multi_index(0, 0, KRepeat, 0);
 
        // Blockwise GEMM pipeline
        static_assert(std::is_default_constructible_v<BlockwiseGemmPipe>);
        auto blockwise_gemm_pipeline = BlockwiseGemmPipe{};
        auto c_thread_buf            = blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCThreadBuffer();
        decltype(c_thread_buf) c_thread_buf_up;
 
        StaticBufferTupleOfVector<AddressSpaceEnum::Vgpr,
                                  float,
                                  c_thread_buf.num_of_v_,
                                  c_thread_buf.s_per_v,
                                  true>
            c_thread_buf_fp32;
 
        const index_t num_k_block_main_loop = __builtin_amdgcn_readfirstlane(
            (a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetLength(I0) * a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1.GetLength(I2)) /
            KPerBlock);
 
        if constexpr(IsInputGemm)
        {
            const BDataType* p_b_grid_up = p_b_grid + expert_stride / 2 / BPackedSize;
            const auto b_grid_buf_up     = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
                p_b_grid_up + expert_offset, b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled.GetElementSpaceSize());
            auto b_blockwise_copy_up = ThreadwiseTensorSliceTransfer_v2<
                BDataType,
                BDataType,
                decltype(b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled),
                decltype(b_block_desc_bk0_n_bk1),
                Sequence<Number<NXdlPerWave>{}, I1, Number<KRepeat>{}, Number<BK1Value>{}>,
                Sequence<1, 2, 0, 3>,
                3,
                BBlockTransferSrcScalarPerVector,
                BThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRun,
                true>(b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled,
                      make_multi_index(n_block_data_idx_on_grid,
                                       get_warp_local_1d_id() % NWave,
                                       0,
                                       KPack / KGroup * (get_thread_local_1d_id() % WarpSize)));
            blockwise_gemm_pipeline.template Run<HasMainKBlockLoop, TailNum>(
                a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                a_blockwise_copy,
                a_grid_buf,
                a_block_bufs,
                a_block_slice_copy_step,
                b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled,
                b_blockwise_copy,
                b_blockwise_copy_up,
                b_grid_buf,
                b_grid_buf_up,
                b_block_bufs,
                b_block_slice_copy_step,
                c_thread_buf,
                c_thread_buf_up,
                num_k_block_main_loop);
        }
        else
        {
 
            blockwise_gemm_pipeline.template Run<HasMainKBlockLoop, TailNum>(
                a_grid_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                a_block_desc_ak0_m_ak1,
                a_blockwise_copy,
                a_grid_buf,
                a_block_bufs,
                a_block_slice_copy_step,
                b_grid_desc_bpreshuffled,
                b_blockwise_copy,
                b_grid_buf,
                b_block_bufs,
                b_block_slice_copy_step,
                c_thread_buf,
                num_k_block_main_loop);
        }
 
        // shuffle C and write out
        {
            static_assert(MXdlPerWave % CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle == 0 &&
                              NXdlPerWave % CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle == 0,
                          "wrong!");
 
            constexpr index_t MWave = MPerBlock / (MXdlPerWave * MPerXdl);
 
            // TODO: hacky, fix it!
            constexpr auto c_thread_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2 =
                blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCThreadDescriptor_M0_N0_M1_N1_M2_M3_M4_N2();
 
            // TODO: hacky, fix it!
            // c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp is only used to get lengths
            constexpr auto c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp =
                blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCBlockDescriptor_M0_N0_M1_N1_M2_M3_M4_N2();
 
            constexpr auto M0 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I0);
            constexpr auto N0 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I1);
            constexpr auto M1 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I2);
            constexpr auto N1 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I3);
            constexpr auto M2 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I4);
            constexpr auto M3 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I5);
            constexpr auto M4 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I6);
            constexpr auto N2 = c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2_tmp.GetLength(I7);
 
            // mul scales
            const float* p_sorted_weights_0 = p_ds_grid[I0];
            const float* p_scale_b          = p_ds_grid[I1];
 
            static_assert(M0 * M1 * M2 * M3 * M4 == MPerBlock);
            static_assert(M4 == 4 || M4 == 8);
            const index_t m1 = get_warp_local_1d_id() / NWave;
            const index_t m3 = threadIdx.x % get_warp_size() / MPerXdl;
 
            if(p_sorted_weights_0 != nullptr && p_scale_b != nullptr)
            {
                if constexpr(PerTokenQuant)
                {
                    constexpr index_t scale_stride = (IsInputGemm ? 2 : 1);
                    p_scale_b += expert_id * problem.N * scale_stride + block_n_id * NPerBlock +
                                 get_warp_local_1d_id() % NWave * NPerXdl + threadIdx.x % NPerXdl;
                }
                else
                {
                    p_scale_b += expert_id;
                }
 
                vector_type<int32_t, M4> scale_token_ids;
                vector_type<float, M4> topk_weights;
                static_for<0, NXdlPerWave, 1>{}([&](auto n0) {
                    const float scale_b = p_scale_b[n0 * NWave * NPerXdl * PerTokenQuant];
                    static_for<0, MXdlPerWave, 1>{}([&](auto m0) { // MXDLPerWave
                        static_for<0, M2, 1>{}([&](auto m2) {      // m_inst_num_groups_per_blk
                            const index_t m_pos = block_m_id * MPerBlock + m0 * M1 * M2 * M3 * M4 +
                                                  m1 * M2 * M3 * M4 + m2 * M3 * M4 + m3 * M4;
                            if constexpr(PerTokenQuant)
                            {
                                scale_token_ids =
                                    *c_style_pointer_cast<const vector_type<int32_t, M4>*>(
                                        p_sorted_token_ids + m_pos);
                            }
                            if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                            {
                                topk_weights = *c_style_pointer_cast<const vector_type<float, M4>*>(
                                    p_ds_grid[I2] + m_pos);
                            }
                            static_for<0, M4, 1>{}([&](auto m4) { // m_inst_group_size
                                float scale_a = [&]() {
                                    if constexpr(PerTokenQuant)
                                    {
                                        index_t fused_token =
                                            scale_token_ids.template AsType<index_t>()[m4];
                                        const index_t token_offset = fused_token & 0xffffff;
                                        return token_offset < problem.NumTokens
                                                   ? p_sorted_weights_0[IsInputGemm
                                                                            ? token_offset
                                                                            : token_offset *
                                                                                      problem.TopK +
                                                                                  (fused_token >>
                                                                                   24)]
                                                   : 0.0;
                                    }
                                    else
                                    {
                                        return p_sorted_weights_0[0];
                                    }
                                }();
                                constexpr index_t c_offset =
                                    blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCThreadDesc().CalculateOffset(
                                        make_tuple(m0, n0, m2 * M4 + m4));
                                constexpr auto cidx = Number<c_offset>{};
                                if constexpr(IsInputGemm) // gu fusion
                                {
                                    if constexpr(ActivationOperation == Activation::silu_and_mul)
                                    {
                                        const float scale_up =
                                            p_scale_b[(n0 * NWave * NPerXdl + problem.N) *
                                                      PerTokenQuant];
                                        float gate = scale_a * scale_b * c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                        float up   = scale_a * scale_up * c_thread_buf_up[cidx];
                                        if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                        {
                                            gate = gate * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                            up   = up * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                        }
                                        if constexpr(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<BDataType>, pk_i4_t>)
                                        {
                                            gate *= 16;
                                            up *= 16;
                                        }
                                        tensor_operation::element_wise::Silu{}(gate, gate);
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = gate * up;
                                    }
                                    else if(ActivationOperation == Activation::gelu_and_mul)
                                    {
                                        const float scale_up =
                                            p_scale_b[(n0 * NWave * NPerXdl + problem.N) *
                                                      PerTokenQuant];
                                        float gate = scale_a * scale_b * c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                        float up   = scale_a * scale_up * c_thread_buf_up[cidx];
                                        if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                        {
                                            gate = gate * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                            up   = up * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                        }
                                        if constexpr(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<BDataType>, pk_i4_t>)
                                        {
                                            gate *= 16;
                                            up *= 16;
                                        }
                                        tensor_operation::element_wise::Gelu{}(gate, gate);
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = gate * up;
                                    }
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) =
                                        scale_a * scale_b * c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                    if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                    {
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) =
                                            c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) *
                                            topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                    }
                                }
                            });
                        });
                    });
                });
            }
            else
            {
                vector_type<float, M4> topk_weights; // for gemm2 only
                static_for<0, NXdlPerWave, 1>{}([&](auto n0) {
                    static_for<0, MXdlPerWave, 1>{}([&](auto m0) { // MXDLPerWave
                        static_for<0, M2, 1>{}([&](auto m2) {      // m_inst_num_groups_per_blk
                            const index_t m_pos = block_m_id * MPerBlock + m0 * M1 * M2 * M3 * M4 +
                                                  m1 * M2 * M3 * M4 + m2 * M3 * M4 + m3 * M4;
                            if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                            {
                                topk_weights = *c_style_pointer_cast<const vector_type<float, M4>*>(
                                    p_ds_grid[I2] + m_pos);
                            }
                            static_for<0, M4, 1>{}([&](auto m4) { // m_inst_group_size
                                constexpr index_t c_offset =
                                    blockwise_gemm_pipeline.GetCThreadDesc().CalculateOffset(
                                        make_tuple(m0, n0, m2 * M4 + m4));
                                constexpr auto cidx = Number<c_offset>{};
 
                                if constexpr(IsInputGemm) // gu fusion
                                {
                                    if constexpr(ActivationOperation == Activation::silu_and_mul)
                                    {
                                        float gate = c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                        float up   = c_thread_buf_up[cidx];
                                        if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                        {
                                            gate = gate * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                            up   = up * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                        }
                                        tensor_operation::element_wise::Silu{}(gate, gate);
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = gate * up;
                                    }
                                    else if(ActivationOperation == Activation::gelu_and_mul)
                                    {
                                        float gate = c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                        float up   = c_thread_buf_up[cidx];
                                        if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                        {
                                            gate = gate * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                            up   = up * topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4];
                                        }
                                        tensor_operation::element_wise::Gelu{}(gate, gate);
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = gate * up;
                                    }
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) = c_thread_buf[cidx];
                                    if constexpr(MulRoutedWeight)
                                    {
                                        c_thread_buf_fp32(cidx) =
                                            topk_weights.template AsType<float>()[m4] *
                                            c_thread_buf_fp32[cidx];
                                    }
                                }
                            });
                        });
                    });
                });
            }
 
            constexpr auto c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
                GetCShuffleBlockDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock();
 
            auto c_shuffle_block_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Lds>(
                static_cast<CShuffleDataType*>(p_shared),
                c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock.GetElementSpaceSize());
 
            constexpr auto c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2 = transform_tensor_descriptor(
                c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock,
                make_tuple(
                    make_freeze_transform(I0),
                    make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(
                        Number<CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle>{}, // M0 (MXdlPerWave) per shuffle
                        M1,                                      // M1 = MWave
                        M2,                                      // M2 * M3 * M4 = MPerXdl
                        M3,
                        M4)),
                    make_freeze_transform(I0),
                    make_unmerge_transform(make_tuple(
                        Number<CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle>{}, // N0 (NXdlPerWave) per shuffle
                        N1,                                      // N1 = NWave
                        N2))),                                   // N2 = NPerXdl
                make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}, Sequence<1>{}, Sequence<2>{}, Sequence<3>{}),
                make_tuple(
                    Sequence<>{}, Sequence<0, 2, 4, 5, 6>{}, Sequence<>{}, Sequence<1, 3, 7>{}));
 
            // calculate origin of thread output tensor on global memory
            //     blockwise GEMM c matrix starting index
            const auto c_thread_mtx_on_block =
                blockwise_gemm_pipeline.CalculateCThreadOriginDataIndex(I0, I0, I0, I0);
 
            const index_t m_thread_data_on_block = c_thread_mtx_on_block[I0];
            const index_t n_thread_data_on_block = c_thread_mtx_on_block[I1];
 
            const auto m_thread_data_on_block_to_m0_m1_m2_m3_m4_adaptor =
                make_single_stage_tensor_adaptor(
                    make_tuple(make_merge_transform(make_tuple(M0, M1, M2, M3, M4))),
                    make_tuple(Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3, 4>{}),
                    make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}));
 
            const auto m_thread_data_on_block_idx =
                m_thread_data_on_block_to_m0_m1_m2_m3_m4_adaptor.CalculateBottomIndex(
                    make_multi_index(m_thread_data_on_block));
 
            const auto n_thread_data_on_block_to_n0_n1_n2_adaptor =
                make_single_stage_tensor_adaptor(
                    make_tuple(make_merge_transform(make_tuple(N0, N1, N2))),
                    make_tuple(Sequence<0, 1, 2>{}),
                    make_tuple(Sequence<0>{}));
 
            const auto n_thread_data_on_block_idx =
                n_thread_data_on_block_to_n0_n1_n2_adaptor.CalculateBottomIndex(
                    make_multi_index(n_thread_data_on_block));
 
            // shuffle: threadwise copy C from VGPR to LDS
            auto c_thread_copy_vgpr_to_lds =
                ThreadwiseTensorSliceTransfer_v1r3<AccDataType,
                                                   CShuffleDataType,
                                                   decltype(c_thread_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2),
                                                   decltype(c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2),
                                                   ck::tensor_operation::element_wise::PassThrough,
                                                   Sequence<CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
                                                            CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
                                                            I1,
                                                            I1,
                                                            M2,
                                                            I1,
                                                            M4,
                                                            I1>,
                                                   Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7>,
                                                   7,
                                                   1,
                                                   InMemoryDataOperationEnum::Set,
                                                   1,
                                                   true>{
                    c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2,
                    make_multi_index(0,
                                     0,
                                     m_thread_data_on_block_idx[I1],
                                     n_thread_data_on_block_idx[I1],
                                     m_thread_data_on_block_idx[I2],
                                     m_thread_data_on_block_idx[I3],
                                     m_thread_data_on_block_idx[I4],
                                     n_thread_data_on_block_idx[I2]),
                    ck::tensor_operation::element_wise::PassThrough{}};
 
            using EDataType = CDataType;
 
            const auto ds_grid_desc_m_n = MakeDsGridDescriptor_M_N(
                problem.M, problem.MPadded, problem.N, problem.NPadded, problem.StrideDs);
 
            const auto ds_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
                MakeDsGridDescriptor_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock(
                    ds_grid_desc_m_n, problem.MBlock, problem.NBlock);
 
            const auto ds_grid_buf = generate_tuple(
                [&](auto i) {
                    return make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
                        p_ds_grid[i], ds_grid_desc_m_n[i].GetElementSpaceSize());
                },
                Number<NumDTensor>{});
 
            // tuple of reference to C/Ds tensor descriptors
            const auto c_ds_desc_refs = concat_tuple_of_reference(
                tie(c_shuffle_block_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock),
                generate_tie([&](auto i) -> const auto& // return type should be reference
                             { return ds_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock[i]; },
                             Number<NumDTensor>{}));
 
            // tuple of reference to C/Ds tensor descriptors
            const auto c_ds_buf_refs = concat_tuple_of_reference(
                tie(c_shuffle_block_buf),
                generate_tie([&](auto i) -> const auto& // return type should be reference
                             { return ds_grid_buf[i]; },
                             Number<NumDTensor>{}));
 
            // tuple of starting index of C/Ds blockwise copy
            const auto idx_c_ds_block_begin =
                container_concat(make_tuple(make_multi_index(0, 0, 0, 0)),
                                 generate_tuple(
                                     [&](auto) {
                                         return make_multi_index(block_m_id, 0, block_n_id, 0);
                                         // return make_multi_index(block_work_idx[I0], 0,
                                         // block_work_idx[I1], 0);
                                     },
                                     Number<NumDTensor>{}));
 
            const auto e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock =
                c_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock;
 
            using CDEBlockTransferCluster =
                CShuffleBlockTransferClusterLengths_MBlock_MPerBlock_NBlock_NPerBlock;
            const auto EGlobalMemoryDataOperation = CGlobalMemoryDataOperation;
            constexpr index_t scatter_weight_idx  = 3; // hack fix felix
            auto cde_block_copy_lds_and_global    = ThreadGroupTensorSliceTransfer_v7r3_scatter<
                   ThisThreadBlock,
                   decltype(container_concat(make_tuple(CShuffleDataType{}), DsDataType{})),
                   Tuple<EDataType>,
                   decltype(c_ds_desc_refs),
                   decltype(tie(e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock)),
                   CElementwiseOperation,
                   Sequence<static_cast<index_t>(EGlobalMemoryDataOperation)>, // FIXME: make Sequence
                                                                               // support arbitray type
                   Sequence<1,
                            CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle * MWave * MPerXdl,
                            1,
                            CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle * NWave * NPerXdl>, // BlockSliceLengths,
                   CDEBlockTransferCluster,
                   Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3>, // typename ThreadClusterArrangeOrder,
                   Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3>, // typename SrcDimAccessOrder,
                   Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3>, // typename DstDimAccessOrder,
                   3,                    // index_t SrcVectorDim,
                   3,                    // index_t DstVectorDim,
                   CDEShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVectors,
                   CShuffleBlockTransferScalarPerVector_NPerBlock,
                   sequence_merge_t<
                       Sequence<true>,
                       uniform_sequence_gen_t<NumDTensor,
                                              false>>, // ThreadTransferSrcResetCoordinateAfterRunFlags
                   Sequence<false>, // ThreadTransferDstResetCoordinateAfterRunFlags
                   IndexType,
                   1,                 // ScatterDim
                   true,              // OutputScatter: false, only use scatter weights
                   scatter_weight_idx // ScatterWeightIdx: ascale
                   >{c_ds_desc_refs,
                     idx_c_ds_block_begin,
                     tie(e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock),
                     make_tuple(make_multi_index(0, 0, block_n_id, 0)),
                     c_element_op};
 
            auto c_grid_buf = make_dynamic_buffer<AddressSpaceEnum::Global>(
                p_c_grid, c_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock.GetElementSpaceSize());
            constexpr auto sfc_c_vgpr =
                SpaceFillingCurve<Sequence<MXdlPerWave, NXdlPerWave, 1, 1, M2, 1, M4, 1>,
                                  Sequence<0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7>,
                                  Sequence<CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
                                           CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle,
                                           1,
                                           1,
                                           M2,
                                           1,
                                           M4,
                                           1>>{};
 
            constexpr index_t num_access = sfc_c_vgpr.GetNumOfAccess();
 
            // space filling curve for shuffled blockwise C/D/E
            constexpr auto sfc_cde_block =
                SpaceFillingCurve<Sequence<1, MPerBlock, 1, NPerBlock>,
                                  Sequence<0, 2, 1, 3>,
                                  Sequence<1,
                                           CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle * MWave * MPerXdl,
                                           1,
                                           CShuffleNXdlPerWavePerShuffle * NWave * NPerXdl>>{};
 
            static_assert(num_access == sfc_cde_block.GetNumOfAccess(), "wrong!");
            constexpr auto EMThreads =
                CDEBlockTransferCluster{}.At(I0) * CDEBlockTransferCluster{}.At(I1);
            constexpr auto EMRepeats = CShuffleMXdlPerWavePerShuffle * MWave * MPerXdl / EMThreads;
            constexpr auto ENThreads =
                CDEBlockTransferCluster{}.At(I2) * CDEBlockTransferCluster{}.At(I3);
            static_for<0, num_access, 1>{}([&](auto access_id) {
                // make sure it's safe to write to LDS
                StaticallyIndexedArray<IndexType, EMRepeats> scatter_offsets;
 
                auto dstidx = sfc_cde_block.GetIndex(access_id);
                const index_t c_token_pos =
                    block_m_id * MPerBlock + threadIdx.x / ENThreads * EMRepeats + dstidx(I1);
                static_for<0, EMRepeats, 1>{}([&](auto m0) {
                    const index_t fused_token = p_sorted_token_ids[c_token_pos + m0];
                    IndexType token_offset    = fused_token & 0xffffff;
                    if constexpr(IsInputGemm)
                    {
                        token_offset = token_offset * problem.TopK + (fused_token >> 24);
                    }
                    scatter_offsets(m0) = static_cast<IndexType>(token_offset) * problem.N;
                });
 
                block_sync_lds();
 
                // each thread write its data from VGPR to LDS
                c_thread_copy_vgpr_to_lds.Run(c_thread_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2,
                                              sfc_c_vgpr.GetIndexTupleOfNumber(access_id),
                                              c_thread_buf_fp32,
                                              c_block_desc_m0_n0_m1_n1_m2_m3_m4_n2,
                                              c_shuffle_block_buf);
 
                // make sure it's safe to read from LDS
                block_sync_lds();
 
                // each block copy its data from LDS to global
                cde_block_copy_lds_and_global.Run(
                    c_ds_desc_refs,
                    c_ds_buf_refs,
                    tie(e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock),
                    tie(c_grid_buf),
                    scatter_offsets);
 
                if constexpr(access_id < num_access - 1)
                {
                    constexpr auto cde_lds_and_global_step =
                        sfc_cde_block.GetForwardStep(access_id);
 
                    // move on Ds
                    static_for<0, NumDTensor, 1>{}([&](auto i) {
                        cde_block_copy_lds_and_global.MoveSrcSliceWindow(
                            c_ds_desc_refs, i + I1, cde_lds_and_global_step);
                    });
 
                    // move on E
                    cde_block_copy_lds_and_global.MoveDstSliceWindow(
                        tie(e_grid_desc_mblock_mperblock_nblock_nperblock),
                        I0,
                        cde_lds_and_global_step);
                }
            });
        }
    }
};
 
} // namespace ck